1. Jefferey K. Machines in our hearts. Baltimore: JHU; 2001. p. 68.
2. Luderitz B. History of the disorders of cardiac rhythm. Armonk: Futura Publishing; 2002. p. 4.
3. Cheng TO. Decreased heart rate variability as a predictor for sudden death was known in China in the third century AD. Eur Heart J. 2000; 21: 2081-2.
4. Cowan MJ. Measurement of heart rate variability. West J Nurs Res. 1995; 17: 32-48.
5. Luderitz B. History of the disorders of cardiac rhythm. Armonk: Futura Publishing; 2002. p. 27.
6. Adams R. (1791–1875) Morgagni–Adams–Stokes
syndrome. JAMA. 1968; 206: 639-40.
7. Galvani L. Commentary on the effects of electricity on muscular motion. Trans. by Foley MG. Norwalk: Burdy Libarary; 1953.
8. Wikipedia Search Lugi Galvani on Aug 11, 2007.
9. Gedes LA, Bakken E. Review of Cardiac Pacing. IEEE Eng Med Biol. 2007; 26: 77-9.
10. Luderitz B. History of the disorders of cardiac rhythm. Armonk: Futura Publishing; 2002. p. 68.
11. Luderitz B. History of the disorders of cardiac rhythm. Armonk: Futura Publishing; 2002. p. 120.
12. Marmorstein M. Contribution of l’etude des excitation electriques localisees sur le Coeur en rapport avec la topographie de l’innervation de coeur chez le chien. J Physiol Paris. 1927; 25: 617.
13. Luderitz B. History of the disorders of cardiac rhythm. Armonk: Futura Publishing; 2002. p. 125.
14. Hyman AS. Resuscitation of the stopped heart by intracardial therapy, II: experimental use of an artificial pacemaker. Arch Intern Med. 1932; 50: 283-305.
15. Callaghan JC, Bigelow W. An electrical artificial pacemaker for standstill of the heart. Ann Surg. 1951; 134: 8-17.
16. Jefferey K. Machines in our hearts. Baltimore: JHU; 2001. p. 90.
17. Jefferey K. Machines in our hearts. Baltimore: JHU; 2001. p. 123.
18. Parsonnet V, Littleford P. PACE. Routine Implantation of Transvenous Pacemaker Electrodes in Both Chambers: A Technique whose time has come. 1981; 1: 109-12.
19. Silver AW. Externally Rechargeable Cardiac Pacemaker. Ann Thorac Surg. 1965; 1: 380-8.
20. Jeffery K. Machines in our hearts. Baltimore: JHU; 2001. p. 138.
21. Furman S. Therapeutic uses of atrial pacing. Am Heart J. 1973; 73: 835-40.
22. Castillo C. Bifocal demand pacing. Chest. 1971; 59: 360-4.
23. Belott PH. A variation on the introducer technique for unlimited access to the subclavian vein. PACE. 1981; 4: 43-8.
24. Kastor JA. Michel Mirowski and the automatic implantable defibrillator. Am J Cardiol. 1989; 63: 977-82, 1121-1126.
25. Jefferey K. Machines in our hearts. Baltimore: JHU; 2001. p. 239.
26. Gimbel JR, Cox JW Jr. Electronic article surveillance systems and interactions with implantable cardiac devices: risk of adverse interactions in public and commercial spaces. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82: 318.
27. Cohen JD, Costa HS, Russo RJ. Determining the risks of magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 tesla for patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110: 1631.
28. Solan AN, Solan MJ, Bednarz G, Goodkin MB. Treatment of patients with cardiac pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators during radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004; 59: 897.
29. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74: e51.
30. Bhatia N, El-Chami M. Leadless pacemakers: a contemporary review. J Geriatr Cardiol 2018; 15: 249-53.
31. Reddy VY, Exner DV, Cantillon DJ et al. Percutaneous implantation of an entirely intracardiac leadless pacemaker. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 1125-35.
32. Reynolds D, Duray GZ, Omar R et al. A leadless intracardiac transcatheter pacing system. N Engl J Med 2016; 374: 533-41.
33. Aguilera AL, Volokhina YV, Fisher KL. Radiography of cardiac conduction devices: a comprehensive review. Radiographics 2011; 31:
1669-82.
34. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS et al. Cardiacresynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1329-38.
35. Westerman SB, El-Chami M. The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator–review of the recent data. J Geriatr Cardiol 2018; 15: 222-8.
36. Weiss R, Knight BP, Gold MR et al. Safety and efficacy of a totally subcutaneous implantable-cardioverter defibrillator. Circulation 2013; 128: 944-53.
37. Link MS, Estes NA, Griffin JJ et al. Complications of dual chamber pacemaker implantation in the elderly. Pacemaker Selection in the Elderly (PASE)
Investigators. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 1998; 2: 175-9.
38. B. Larrson, H. Elmqvist, L. Ryden, and H. Schüller, “Lessons from the first patient with an implanted pacemaker,” PACE, vol. 26, pp. 114-124, Jan 2003.
39. O. Fiandra, “The first pacemaker implant in America,” PACE, vol. 11, issue 8, pp. 1234-1238,
Aug. 1988.
40. S. Furman, D. L. Hayes and D. R. Holmes, Jr, A Practice of Cardiac Pacing, Futura Publishing Company, Inc., 1993, Ch. 11.
41. H. G. Mond, B. C. Valentine, D. Randall, R. Kelsall, and M. Gregory, “Anatomy of a murder: telemetric footprints,” PACE, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1406-1408, Sept. 2002.
42. W. H. Maisel, M. O. Sweeney, et al., “Recalls and safety alerts involving pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generators,” JAMA, vol. 286, no. 7, pp. 793-799, Aug. 2001.
43. St Jude Medical, Inc., (Oct. 2013). St. Jude medical announces acquisition and CE mark approval of world’s first leadless pacemaker. News Release [Online]. Available: http://www.sjm. com/~/media/SJM/corporate/Media%20Kits/nanosti m/ NanostimAquisition-CEMarkApproval-Final- WEB.ashx.
44. Medtronic. (Dec. 2013). Medtronic announces first human implant of world’s smallest, minimally invasive cardiac pacemaker, Press Release [Online]. http://newsroom. medtronic.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=251324&p=irol- newsArticle-Print&ID=1883208&highlight.
45. M. A. Karami, D. J. Bradley, and D. J. Inman, (Nov. 2012). New device could allow your heartbeat to power pacemaker, American Heart Association [Online]. http://newsroom.heart.org/news/ new- device-could-allow-your-heartbeat-239558.
46. A. J. Greenspon, J. D. Patel, et al., “Trends in permanent pacemaker implantation in the United States from 1993 to 2009: increasing complexity of patients and procedures,” J. American College of Cardiology, vol. 60, no. 16, pp. 1540-1545, Oct.
2012.
47. Da Costa A, Axiotis A, Romeyer-Bouchard C, et al. Transcatheter leadless cardiac pacing: the new alternative solution. Int J Cardiol 2017; 227: 122-6.
48. Reddy VY, Knops RE, Sperzel J, et al. Permanent leadless cardiac pacing: results of the LEADLESS trial. Circulation 2014; 129: 1466-71.
49. Reddy VY, Exner DV, Cantillon DJ, et al. Percutaneous implantation of an entirely intracardiac leadless pacemaker. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 1125-35.
50. El-Chami MF, Al-Samadi F, Clementy N, et al. Updated performance of the Micra transcatheter pacemaker in the real-world setting: a comparison to the investigational study and a transvenous historical control. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15: 1800-7.
51. Lakkireddy D, Knops R, Atwater B, et al. A worldwide experience of the management of battery failures and chronic device retrieval of the Nanostim leadless pacemaker. Heart Rhythm 2017; 14:
1756-63.
52. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74:e51-e156.
53. Piccini JP, Stromberg K, Jackson KP, et al. Patient selection, pacing indications, and subsequent outcomes with de novo leadless single-chamber VVI pacing. Europace 2019; 21: 1686-93.
54. El-Chami MF, Johansen JB, Zaidi A, et al. Leadless pacemaker implant in patients with preexisting infections: results from the Micra postapproval registry. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2019; 30: 569-74.
55. Beurskens NE, Tjong FV, Knops RE, Peters RJ. Percutaneous leadless pacemaker implantation in a patient with bilateral venous thoracic outlet syndrome. J Vasc Access 2019; 20: 105-6.
56. Solís LD, Toquero J, Castro V. Leadless pacemaker due to bilateral subclavian stenosis. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2017; 70: 294.
57. Boveda S, Lenarczyk R, Haugaa KH, et al. Use of leadless pacemakers in Europe: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association survey. Europace 2018; 20: 555-9.
58. Yarlagadda B, Turagam MK, Dar T, et al. Safety and feasibility of leadless pacemaker in patients undergoing atrioventricular node ablation for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15: 994-1000.
59. Martínez-Sande JL, Rodríguez-Mañero M, García-Seara J, et al. Acute and long-term outcomes of simultaneous atrioventricular node ablation and leadless pacemaker implantation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2018; 41: 1484-90.
60. Okabe T, El-Chami MF, Lloyd MS, et al. Leadless pacemaker implantation and concurrent atrioventricular junction ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2018; 41: 504-10.
61. Turagam MK, Gopinathannair R, Park PH, et al. Safety and efficacy of leadless pacemaker for cardioinhibitory vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17: 1575-81.
62. Roberts PR, Pepper C, Rinaldi CA, et al. The use of a single chamber leadless pacemaker for the treatment of cardioinhibitory vasovagal syncope. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2019; 23: 100349.
63. Ferrero P, Yeong M, D’Elia E, et al. Leadless pacemaker implantation in a patient with complex congenital heart disease and limited vascular access. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 2016; 16: 201-4.
64. Russell MR, Galloti R, Moore JP. Initial experience with transcatheter pacemaker implantation for adults with congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2019; 30: 1362-6.
65. Wilson DG, Morgan JM, Roberts PR. ‘Leadless’ pacing of the left ventricle in adult congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2016; 209: 96-7.
66. Kotschet E, Alasti M, Alison J. Micra implantation in a patient with transposition of great arteries. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2019; 42: 117-9.
67. Afzal MR, Daoud EG, Cunnane R, et al. Techniques for successful early retrieval of the Micra transcatheter pacing system: a worldwide experience. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15: 841-6.
68. Chinitz L, Ritter P, Khelae SK, et al. Accelerometer-based atrioventricular synchronous pacing with a ventricular leadless pacemaker: results from the Micra atrioventricular feasibility studies. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15: 1363-71.
69. Steinwender C, Khelae SK, Garweg C, et al. Atrioventricular synchronous pacing using a leadless ventricular pacemaker: results from the MARVEL 2 study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2020; 6: 94-106.
70. Bereuter L, Gysin M, Kueffer T, et al. Leadless dual-chamber pacing: a novel communication method for wireless pacemaker synchronization. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3: 813-23.
71. Tjong FVY, Koop BE. The modular cardiac rhythm management system: the EMPOWER leadless pacemaker and the EMBLEM subcutaneous ICD. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 201 8; 29:
355-61.
72. Reddy VY, Miller MA, Neuzil P, et al. Original investigation: cardiac resynchronization therapy with wireless left ventricular endocardial pacing. The SELECT-LV study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69: 2119-29.
73. Sieniewicz BJ, Betts TR, James S, et al. Real-world experience of leadless left ventricular endocardial cardiac resynchronization therapy: a multicenter international registry of the WiSE-CRT pacing system. Heart Rhythm 2020; 17: 1291-7.
74. Okabe T, Hummel JD, Bank AJ, et al. Leadless left ventricular stimulation with WiSE-CRT System – initial experience and results from phase I of SOLVE-CRT Study (nonrandomized, roll-in phase). Heart Rhythm 2022; 19: 22-9.
75. Funasako M, Neuzil P, Dujka L, et al. Successful implementation of a totally leadless biventricular pacing approach. HeartRhythm Case Rep 2020; 6: 153-7.
دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻬﺪى ﻣﻮﺣﺪى ـ ﻣﺮورى ﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﺑﺎنﺳﺎزﻫﺎى ﻗﻠﺒﻲ
76. Ouyang H, Liu Z, Li N, et al. Symbiotic cardiac pacemaker. Nat Commun 2019; 10: 1821.
77. Marban E, Cho HC. Biological pacemakers as a therapy for cardiac arrhythmias. Curr Opin Cardiol 2008; 23: 46-54.
78. Kurtz SM, Ochoa JA, Lau E, Shkolnikov Y, Pavri BB, Frisch D, et al. Implantation trends and patient profiles for pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators in the United States: 1993-2006. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010; 33: 705-11.
79. Rosen MR, Robinson RB, Brink PR, Cohen IS. The road to biological pacing. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011; 8: 656-66.
80. Hoffa M, Ludwig C. Einige neue versuche uber herzbewegung. Zeitschrift Rationelle Medizin. 1850; 9: 107-44.
81. McWilliam JA. Fibrillar contraction of the heart. J Physiol. 1887; 8: 296-310.
82. McWilliam JA. Electrical stimulation of the heart in man. Br Med J. 1889; 1: 348-50.
83. Hyman AS. Resuscitation of the stopped heart by intracardial therapy. II. Experimental use of an artificial pacemaker. Arch. Intern. Med. 1932; 50: 283.
84. Lidwill MC. Cardiac disease in relation to anaesthesia. Transactions of the Third Session, Austraiasian Medicai Congress (British Medical Association) Sydney. Australia. 1929: 160
85. Mond HG, Sloman JG, Edwards RH. The first pacemaker. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1982; 5:
278-82.
86. Furman S, Szarka G, Layvand D. Reconstruction of Hyman's second pacemaker. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005; 28: 446-53.
87. Osler W. Stokes-Adams disease. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2002; 7: 79-81; discussion 78.
88. Zoll PM. Resuscitation of the heart in ventricular standstill by external electric stimulation. N Engl J Med. 1952; 247: 768-71.
89. Elmqvist R, Senning A. Implantable pacemaker for the heart. In: Smyth CN, editor. Medical electronics, proceedings of the second international conference on medical electronics. London: Iliffe and Sons; 1960.
p. 253-4.
90. Furman S, Schwedel JB. An intracardiac pacemaker for stokes-adams seizures. N Engl J Med. 1959; 261: 943-48.
91. Harris A, Bluestone R, Busby E, Davies G, Leatham A, Siddons H, et al. The management of heart block. Br Heart J. 1965; 27: 469-82.